Microscopic investigation into liquefaction resistance of pre-sheared sand: Effects of particle shape and initial anisotropy

Liquefaction resistance of sand can be either increased or reduced due to an undrained cyclic pre-shearing depending on the degree pre-shearing, which hinders a better prediction liquefaction potential established. The mechanism such changes in has been poorly understood. This contribution aims gain micromechanical insights into effects using discrete element method (DEM) simulations. In particular, particle shape and initial anisotropy are investigated. simulation results from samples consisting non-spherical particles with qualitatively capture mechanical responses observed equivalent laboratory experiments. yielded qualitative agreement further analyzed micromechanically, relationships between some microscopic parameters before loading discussed. Microscopic analyses reveal that mean coordination number is well correlated resistance, whereas less sensitive orientation induced by pre-shearing.